Short answer
Temporary contraception is intended to prevent or delay pregnancy for a period of time, whereas permanent sterilization is intended to permanently prevent natural conception.
Islamic Guidance
What Islam teaches
Classical Islamic scholarship discussed temporary methods such as 'azl. Permanent sterilization is generally considered a separate and more serious issue, with medical necessity being relevant to scholarly rulings.
Practical Guidance
What you can consider
Do not choose a permanent method without understanding its medical consequences and obtaining appropriate Islamic and medical guidance.
Sources
Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Marriage; Sahih Muslim, Book of Marriage; Qur'an 4:119.